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Published: Wednesday, 29 May 2024 13:39

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Participle form of verb

The participle form in Spanish is equivalent to the English past participle (V3 or third form of the verb). In English, these verbs indicate things done in past, but add a sense of completion (i.e had done, have asked, etc).  In English, the verb itself ends in -ed, -en, etc (i.e looked, taken, etc). In Spanish, the regular participle form of the verb changes -ar/(-er/-ir) to -ado/-ido (always ends in -do). In some cases the participle form can change to agree with a noun (-da/-dos/-das). In some other places, -edo is listed as the participle form for -er verb.

Participles always have a main verb and an auxillary verb. In the example "I had done", there are 2 verbs => "had" is the auxillary verb, while "done" is the main verb. Both verbs are conjugated in English depending on the person. i.e I have done vs he has eaten. Auxillary verb changed from "have" to "has" depending on I or He. The same rule applies in Spanish. However, with consecutive verbs, there is the consecutive verb rule (discussed in verb section too).

Consecutive verbs: When we have 2 verbs back to back, only the 1st one follows the conjugation table, the second one is in infinitive or participle form.  With participle forms, the auxillary verb is the 1st verb, and the main verb is the second verb. So we conjugate the auxillary verb based on 3x2 table, while the main verb is transformed to it's participle form (ending in -ado/ido).

Main verb: Main verb is transformed to -ado/ido as explained above. There are no 3x2 tables for it.

Auxillary Verb: Haber is the spanish word for has/have, and is the auxillary verb we use with participle form. We conjugate it based on 3x2 table below. Haber itself can be in past participle form as "had", which conjugates to habido.

ex: I have sung => yo he cantado. => Here "have" being the auxillary verb is conjugated based on 3x2 table below, while "sing" being the main verb is transformed to it's participle form.

ex: I had sung => yo habido cantado => Here both main and auxillary verb are in past participle form.

Haber => has/have : This is different than Tener which means "obligation to do something" or to have something. This form of have which is "haber" is used in Perfect form (or "past participle" V3 form in English) as an auxillary verb.  Below table shows the present tense table for haber, for sentences like "He has eaten", etc. Haber is an irregular verb, and it's stem is har for transformation purpose for all forms, except 2nd person plural (vosotros) form. Since har is an -ar verb, it follows the -ar table for few entires and -er table for remaining few. Past tense for haber is shown in later sections. Along with this auxillary verb, the main verb needs to have the V3 form which is explained in verbs section. To reiterate, regular participle form of the main verb changes -ar/-er/-ir to -ado/-edo/-ido (always ends in -do).

• Present form (stem is har)

• base word = haber => har (has/have)	singular	plural
  I => First person	he (using har as base but transforms as -er verb) ex: I have eaten rice => yo he comido arro (eat is comer,so V3 form should be comedo, but instead it's comido)	hemos (use har as base, but as -er) ex: we have => hemos
  You (informal) => Second person	has (using har as base)	habéis (use regular haber as base)
  He, she, You (formal=> Third person	ha (using har as base) ex: He has sung => el ha cantado	han (using har as base)

• ex: cantar (to sing) => sung => cantado (NOTE: gerund form was cantando, while here it's cantado)
• ex: hacer (to do) => done => hecho (irregular verb)
• ex: The museum has closed => el museo ha cerrado. OR The museum is closed => el museo está cerrado (está used since it's temporary state)

Participles come in all moods as present, past and future. We saw the present form for haber above. The other most used forms are past and future. However, the main verb remains same in all forms, it's the auxillary verb (has/have/had/will have) that changes forms to imply past/present or future.

• Past form (stem is hub) => hube, hubiste,etc. However, past tense of have is had, which is already a past participle and gets conjugated as habido. So, no need of past form.
• Future form (stem is habr) => habré, habrás, etc
  • ex: I will have written the letter => yo habré escrito la carta (instead of escribido, it's escrito)

Other Pronouns:

• There is / There are => Both of these translate to same word "hay" (pronounced aa-e, or eye). This word is actually 3rd person form of haber in present tense, which is translated as "It has". 3rd person form is ha, but it's also hay. We can also make questions by writing ¿hay? which means "Is there? / Are there?"
  • ex: ¿hay café? => Is there (any) coffee?. Sí, hay café => yes, there is coffee
  • ex: ¿hay más café? => Is there (any) more coffee?. 

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Published: Tuesday, 23 April 2024 14:04

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Backward Verbs:

Most of the verbs that we saw are forward verbs, i.e I drink water => Here we conjugate "drink" based on person doing the work. So, translation is => yo bebo agua. However, there are so called "Backward Verbs", where the subject in the English sentence becomes the object in Spanish.  Link => https://www.thoughtco.com/using-encantar-other-than-third-person-3078317

• ex: "I like the house" (subject + verb + object) is reversed as "The house pleases me" (object + verb + subject) in Spanish. Here the verb goes with the object, even though the subject is doing the verb. Since the object is usually 3rd person, we commonly use 3rd person form of the verb in singular or plural form. So, the translation should be 'la casa me gusta" (me is the IOP, so it comes before the verb). However, this is NOT correct, as the order is again changed in Spanish to match what's in English. The subject + verb + object order is still maintained. So, translation is => me gusta la casa. The "house" is the subject/noun here, and NOT "I". Verbs transform based on who's doing it. Here, noun "house" is doing the pleasing work, and it's a 3rd person. So, depending on whether House (noun) is singular/plural we use "Gusta" or "Gustan" conjugation. If we wish to use word "love", then we use encanatar. So, if we wish to say  "I love the house," the phrase would be translated as Me encanta la casa.

Pronoun like it, him/her, them, etc also used instead of noun. you, he/she etc, where we use him/her, etc. So, we always need to have me/nos, te/os, le/les before the verb.

There are 2 ways to rewrite these sentences having backward verbs. Let's say as an ex: "I like the car". We can transform it in 2 ways (both use the (object + verb + subject) form):

• The car pleases me => el carro me agrada. This is IOP form where IOP (here it's me) comes before the verb (pleases). This is the way we learned in pronoun section. "me" is IOP and not DOP, as verb is being done to someone (question to ask is to whom, and NOT what, so it's an IOP). So, translation is straightforward here. However, we can't use verb "gustar" here, as "gustar" means like This is NOT the way we use "backward verbs" in spanish. We use regular verbs here.
• To me, pleases the car => me gusta el carro. This is the way backward verbs are used. Instead of saying "The car please me", we say "To me, it pleases", and then we add the noun "the car", since otherwise we haven't made clear what "it" is. We have added "it" for our own understanding, there's no "it". "To me, It pleases" => "me le gusta" and then we add object "the car". The object always needs to have "definite" article => el, la for singular and los/las for plural. So, whole sentence is => me le gusta el carro. We omit "le" as there's no "it" in sentence. I'm not sure why le is used and NOT lo/la as it is a DOP, but anyway we omit it, so doesn't matter. There are 4 possibilities in the sentence depending on whether subject is noun or pronoun, and whether object is noun or pronoun:
  • I love the car
  • John loves the car
  • John lover her
  • I love the car
  • I love it =>
  • This weird form of putting "object noun" later only happens for nouns. If it was a pronoun, i.e "I like it", then it would be 'it pleases me" => "me le gusta"
  • NOTE: If we were doing literal translation, then "To me, it pleases", then it would be => me lo gusta. But with gustar, the object comes after the verb, and NOT before the verb. Correct way should be "To me, the car pleases" => me el carro gusta. But instead it's "To me, pleases the car" => me gusta el carro. If it's an object pronoun instead of a noun, then we can just omit the object pronoun, and there's no irregularity. You can think of this as an irregularity, where noun/pronoun comes after the verb.

TRANSLATION TIP: sentence becomes => indirect object pronoun (me, te, le) + verb (gusta, gustan) + noun/pronoun (car, her, me, it) => me gusta la libro. Pronoun (or the person doing the "like") is always "indirect object pronoun" (so always use le/les, and NOT lo/la),

The following list includes few Spanish backward verbs. Note that most are used to describe opinions or psychological/physical reactions, possession, or involvement.

• aburrir - to bore
• faltar - to lack
• gustar => to like
• encantar => to love
• molestar - to bother
• interesar - to interest
• disgustar - to disgust
• picar - to itch
• fastidiar - to annoy
• importar - to care about something. Looks like similar to important, meaning something important which you care about.
• quedar - to remain

Gustar => To Like: The Spanish verb gustar is an -ar verb usually translated in English as “to like”. It's a backward verb. it’s more about what pleases a person rather than what a person likes.  Here "Book pleases me" rather than "I like books".

The other forms gusto/gustamos, gustas/gustáis are used for the object, when instead of noun, we have pronoun as me/us or you/you_all. However these are less commonly used. I've seen different forms of translations based on these. I've written ones below that seem logical. The same table transformation is followed as shown for present tense of -ar verbs above.

 It's always in this form =>

• Me gusta => I like
• Te Gusta => you like
• lo/la/le gusta => He/She likes

Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAfXpyZlz-I&list=PLv63dFTP4Sjq6knRsZQI-bTnRE38cZZoy&index=134

Encantar => To Love: Similar to verb gustar, it's a backward verb. It means, "to enchant" or "to bewitch." However, it is most often used to express an extreme like or love for an object. 

There's also an adjective "Encantado", which means "delighted" or "pleased". We use that when meeting people. Encantada is a past participle conjugate of encantar, but here it's used as an adjective. Like happy person, delighted person, etc.

ex: encantado, señorita Maria => I (male) am pleased (to meet you)

ex: encantada, señor John => I (female) am pleased (to meet you)

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Published: Tuesday, 26 March 2024 19:40

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Primetime TCL procs:

PT and other synopsys tools support a lot of tcl procs that make writing tcl programs easier. We already saw a lot of PT cmds as all_fanin, report_timing, etc that were for for specific task. There are many general purpose procs too provided by synopsys that can be used to make our own procs lot easier to write. These procs are loaded automatically when you invoke PT_SHELL, so you can call these procs directly.

Parsing arguments:

One of the most used tcl procs is for parsing proc arguments. Let's say we want to write a custom tcl proc for taking in some inputs and producing a o/p (ex proc to add 2 numbers). The standard tcl cmd for parsing args is by using the cmdline package provided by tcl. However, synopsys provides their own cmdline parser which is std across all of their cmds, and much easier to use. It also has helper proc to show the required args if -help is typed or if wrong args are provided.

parse_proc_arguments => This parses the argument list and puts them into the array specified. This is put inside our proc, and is the first line inside our proc, so that it will parse the args and put them into the array for use downstream.

syntax: parse_proc_arguments -args <arg_list> <result_array>

define_proc_attributes => This prints info on screen about the proc (i. what it does), args required, etc. This is when you just type the proc name, or use -help option (similar to how all std PT cmds show options, etc when you use -help option, or type the cmd with incorrect options). This checks for correctness of args too when you call the named proc. So this proc is a companion proc to parse_proc_arguments. Usually we use both these procs with a

ex:

proc my_proc {args} {
 parse_proc_arguments -args $args results
 set sp [get_pins $results(-from)]
 if {[set num [get_pins $results(-num)]] eq {}} {return 0}

foreach argname [array names results] { echo " $argname = $results($argname)" }
}

define_proc_attributes path_dly_onscreen \
 -info "Prints delay of gates on screen" \
 -define_args {\
    {-from            "startpoint name or collection"    "" string  required}
    {-to              "endpoint name or collection"    "" string  required}
    {-num              "num of paths"    "" float  required}
 }

parse_proc_arguments

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Published: Saturday, 16 March 2024 13:54

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Irregular verbs:

These verbs don't follow the same pattern in the 3x2 transformation table. Some or all of the entries of the table deviate from what is expected. That may be true for any of the tenses and forms of verbs. All -ar, -ir, -er verbs have few irregular verbs, and they are a pain, as you have to learn those 3x2 table for these verbs separately. Here the verbs themselves are modified or the base word is modified before transforming it. It's important to know the concept of "stem" before knowing how to modify irregular verbs.

Stem: Verbs have a stem that is used with all transformation in 3x2 table. Then we add a set of endings that are added to stem to identify the subject. To find the stem of a verb, remove the -ar, -er or -ir ending.

• lavar => stem is "lav"
• prender => stem is "prend"

Stem changing verbs (aka Irregular verbs): During transformation, for most of the verbs, transformation is simple since stem remains the same and a suffix is added. However, for irregular verbs stem modifies differently for different tenses. There are lot of irregularities in how this transformation happens, but there are general rules that apply to most of the irregular verbs.

NOTE: Verb conjugation might be different for other tenses and moods. What I'm showing below is for some forms only. We'll look at these irregular verbs in present, past, future tenses too in their respective section. For now, we'll follow some simple rules listed below.

Present Tense Transform: Many irregular verbs change form only for few entries (usually 1st person "I"), but follow regular verb pattern for all other entries. We'll go thru such common verbs.

• Rule 1 (Only 1st person singular (yo form) for present tense changes to -go instead of -o): Lots of irregular verbs fall in this category. All other present tense forms except the 1st person singular form follow the regular form conjugation table. 1st person present tense usually ends in -o, but for these verbs, it sounds weird, so we end it in -go with some stem modification. Some other irregular verbs also add -go suffix for 1st person singular, but they change the conjugation for other forms too, so we talk about those separately in later sections below.
  
  • (o->go): The stem doesn't change, only the suffix changes from -o to -go
    
    • Salir (to leave): 1st person conjugation is salgo (instead of salo)
    • poner (to put): 1st person conjugation is pongo (instead of pono)
    • Saber (to know): 1st person conjugation is sé (instead of sabo). ex: yo lo  sé => I know it. Very commonly used in conversations. Look in "Phrases" section. Past/Future form is explained below.
    • hacer (to do/to make): 1st person conjugation is hago (instead of haco). Hacer is explained in detail below.
  • (cer/cir->zco): A lot of verbs ending in cer/cir conjugate to -zco. The complete stem doesn't change, only the last 3 words changes from -cer/-cir to -zco. Basically, an extra "z" is added to make it sound better.
    
    • Conocer (to know): 1st person conjugation is conozco (instead of conoco)
    • Conducir (to drive): 1st person conjugation is conduzco (instead of conduco)
• Rule 2 (e,o -> ie/i,ue): Selected irregular verbs, which have "e" or "o" in the base word, the stem gets modified with "ie or e"  or "ue". If there are multiple "e" or "o", then only the last one is modified. This applies to only 4 entries of the table (NOT all 6 entries of 3x2 table). The plural 1st person and 2nd person are left out, which still use the base word for transformation. The way to remember it is to make a boot around the 6 entries of the table, where the tall or heel part of boot covers all singular form, and the toe part of boot is on the 3rd person plural form. These are verbs where the stem changed. This is typical for spanish verbs, where many verbs follow the boot pattern (plural 1st person and 2nd person are left out). Examples below:
  • (e->ie):
    • querer (want to) => Here original stem (w/o er) is "quer", which has an "e" in it. So, it gets replaced with "ie", so it becomes "quier". So, 4 of the 3x2 transformations are made based on "quier", while the remaining 2 are made based on "quer".
    • tener (have to) => base word changes to tien. However, 1st person singular form is different here. Instead of tieno", it's tengo (similar to rule 1). Other forms are as expected (tienes, tiene, tenimos, etc)
    • venir (to come) => Similar to tener. base word changes to vien.1st person singular is vengo, Other forms are as expected (vienes, viene, venimos, etc)
    • pensar (to think) => stem transforms to "piens". ex: yo pienso.
    • empezar (to start) => stem changes to "empiez" (e->ie). ex: yo empiezo
  • (e->i):
    • pedir (to ask for) => stem transforms to "pid"  (since pedo, etc sound weird). So, conjugations are pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden.
  • (o -> ue):
    • poder (can, to be able to) => Here original stem (w/o er) is "pod", which has an "o" in it. So, it gets replaced with "ue", so it becomes "pued". again, same transformation rule as above (remember boot)
    • volver (to come back or to return) => stem changes to "vuelv". ex: yo vuelvo
    • dormir (to sleep) => stem changes to "duerm". ex: yo duermo, Tú duermes, etc
    • contar (to count) => stem transforms to "cuent"
    • costar (to cost) => stem transforms to "cuest". Only 3rd person forms are used, as  "I cost", "you cost" don't make sense. It's always "It costs", "something costs", etc ...
    • recordar (to remember) => stem transforms to "recuerd". ex: I remember => yo recuerdo. Opposite word is olvidar => to forget.
    • volar (to fly) => stem changes to "vuel" (o->ue). ex: yo vuelo
•  Completely irregular (ser/estar, ir): ser/estar, ir etc are all completely irregular. No rule here. You just memorize all. They are explained in their own sections.

Past Tense Transform: Many irregular verbs change base differently for past tense than present or future tense.. No specific rules here.

• Misc:
  • Saber (to know): Stem changes to "sup", so supe, supiste, supo, etc. (still follows an -er verb conjugation)
  • hacer (to do/to make): stem changes to hic. see below

Future Tense Transform: For future tense, we have many categories of rules which show how some irregular verbs are modified (before adding the suffix).

• Rule 1: Verb stem changes to -dr: er/ir endings change to -dr.
  
  • tener => have to (see above in er verb). For future tense, the stem changes to "tendr". For present tense, the verb stem chaged to tien, and NOT tendr. ex: "yo tendré" => I'll have.
    
  • poder => can or be able to (see above in er verb). For future tense, the stem changes to "podr" (instead of transforming to poddr, we drop the extra d). For present tense, the verb stem chaged to pued, and NOT podr. ex: "yo podré" => I'll be able to.
    
  • poner => to put. For future tense, the stem changes to "pondr". ex: "yo pondré" => I'll put.
  • valer => to be worth or to cost. You can remember valer as "of value". For future tense, the stem changes to "valdr". ex: Estos libros valdrán cien dólares => These books will be worth $100.
  • salir => to leave (from somewhere). For future tense, the stem changes to "saldr". ex: "yo saldré" => I'll leave.
  • venir => to come to/from or come back (from somewhere). It's similar to llegar (to arrive). venir is opposite of salir. For future tense, the stem changes to "vendr". ex: "yo vendré" => I'll come.
• Rule 2: Verb stem changes to -r: er/ir endings change to -r.
  • querer => want to ( (see above in er verb). For future tense, the stem changes to "querr".
  • caber => Means "to fit in something, to accomodate". For future tense, the stem changes to "cabr", before adding the suffix from table above. So "yo cabré" => I'll fit. "usted cabrá" => You will fit, etc. For present tense, stem remains n original form (except for I fit, which trnsforms to "quepo"). However for other tenses, the stem does get transformed differently.
  • saber => means to know. For future tense, the stem changes to "sabr", before adding the suffix from table above. So "yo sabré karate" => I'll know karate
  • haber => have to (auxillary verb that helps main verb, i.e I have to go. For future tense, the stem changes to "habr". Remember like this => habe looks similar to have). ex: haber de hacer algo => have to do something
    • ex: You will have studied spanish => tu/usted habrás/habrá estudiado español.
  • hacer => to do OR to make. For future tense, the stem changes to har. It should have changed to hacr, but that sounds weird, so har. ex: Yo haré la tarea todos los días => I'll do my task (homework) every day. tarea=task, todos=all
  • decir => to say or tell. For future tense, the stem changes to dir. It should have changed to decr, but that sounds weird, so dir.ex: I will say or tell => yo diré"

Few Irregular verbs:

• hacer => to do/to make : This is different than all other verbs above, but is very commonly used. I means to make or to do. I did this, He wants to do this, etc  However, it's used in a lot of places where the translation is not "do or amke". It's like English word "get" or "put", which gets used in tons of places like I got haircut, he got angry, get him, etc. A non native English speaker has a hard time understanding usage of "get" and "put". Same with hacer. Many times it's used when you cn't think of other word to put there, so it's used as a filler verb that works for a lot of sentences. Think of hacer as a fusion of "make and do". Hacer is very different than haber (explained under Participle verb section).
  • The participle form of hacer is "hecho" (done).
  • The gerund form is haciendo (doing).
  • Present tense: Even though hacer is put under irregular verb section, only the 1st person singular form of present tense is irregular, others follow the regular table. 

  • base word = hacer => to do/to make	singular	plural
    I => First person	hago (it should be haco, but that sounds weird, so changed to hago) ex: I do my homework => hago mis debres	hacemos ex: we have => hemos
    You (informal) => Second person	haces ex: tú (optional) me haces sonreír => You make me smile (you (to me) make smile)	hacéis
    He, she, You (formal=> Third person	hace ex: Mis padres hacen paella cada domingo => My parents make paella every Sunday.	hacen

  • Past tense: Here stem changes to "hic", so hice, hiciste, etc. 3rd person singular is even more irregular. It should be hico, but instead is "hizo", since hico sounds bad.
    • ex: I did my homework => hice mis deberes
  • Future tense: Base word is "har". see above.
• ex: ¿Qué quieres hacer hoy? => What do you want to do today?
• ex: ¿Qué puedes hacer? => What can you do?
• ex: ¿Qué tienes que hacer hoy? => What do you have to do today?
• Weather and Time: Used in weather context for hot, cold, etc, as well as for time. Saying "it is cold" in English translates to "It does/makes cold" in Spanish. We could have used ser/estar form too insteead of hacer. It seems like "está" should be used, since it's estar form (temporary "is"). True. "está" is used for temporary weather condition,(i.e it's raining), while "hace" is used for general weather conditions (i.e it's hot). We only use 3rd person form. The noun (it, climate) is ommitted here as is done with most pronouns.
  
  • ex: It is hot => hace calor (i.e it makes hot), ex: It is cold, right? => hace frío, ¿eh? Proper form would be "el clima hace frío" => the climate makes cold, but "el clima" is left out as is common.
  • ex: ¡Qué buen día hace! => What a nice day! (i.e it makes a nice day)
  • ex: Ahora mismo está lloviendo => Right now, it is raining
  • ex regarding time: "Hace mucho tiempo que no te veo" => "It has been (does/makes) a long time since I have seen you".
• More unusual usage of hacer, where do/make doesn't make sense, but that's the way spanish uses these:
  • to do sports => hacer deporte => i.e to play sports. We could have also used "jugar deporte", but hacer is more common
  • to do/pose a question => hacer una pregunta => It's similar to "to ask a question"
  • hacer el mercado: to do the action of going to a store/market/supermarket
  • hace tres semanas => it does/makes 3 weeks => it has been 3 weeks
  • hacer la compra => to do the shopping (regular groceries, etc)

• ver => to see : This is highly irregular as it's stem is just one letter "v".
  • The participle form of ver is "visto" (seen) instead of vido.
  • The gerund form is viendo (seeing) > as expected.
  • Present tense: Only the 1st person singular is irregular. Instead of vo, it's veo.
  • Past tense: Nothing irregular: vi, viste, vio, ...
  • Future Tense: