Participle form of verb

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Last Updated: Thursday, 30 May 2024 01:50
Published: Wednesday, 29 May 2024 13:39
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Participle form of verb

The participle form in Spanish is equivalent to the English past participle (V3 or third form of the verb). In English, these verbs indicate things done in past, but add a sense of completion (i.e had done, have asked, etc).  In English, the verb itself ends in -ed, -en, etc (i.e looked, taken, etc). In Spanish, the regular participle form of the verb changes -ar/(-er/-ir) to -ado/-ido (always ends in -do). In some cases the participle form can change to agree with a noun (-da/-dos/-das). In some other places, -edo is listed as the participle form for -er verb.

Participles always have a main verb and an auxillary verb. In the example "I had done", there are 2 verbs => "had" is the auxillary verb, while "done" is the main verb. Both verbs are conjugated in English depending on the person. i.e I have done vs he has eaten. Auxillary verb changed from "have" to "has" depending on I or He. The same rule applies in Spanish. However, with consecutive verbs, there is the consecutive verb rule (discussed in verb section too).

Consecutive verbs: When we have 2 verbs back to back, only the 1st one follows the conjugation table, the second one is in infinitive or participle form.  With participle forms, the auxillary verb is the 1st verb, and the main verb is the second verb. So we conjugate the auxillary verb based on 3x2 table, while the main verb is transformed to it's participle form (ending in -ado/ido).

Main verb: Main verb is transformed to -ado/ido as explained above. There are no 3x2 tables for it.

Auxillary Verb: Haber is the spanish word for has/have, and is the auxillary verb we use with participle form. We conjugate it based on 3x2 table below. Haber itself can be in past participle form as "had", which conjugates to habido.

ex: I have sung => yo he cantado. => Here "have" being the auxillary verb is conjugated based on 3x2 table below, while "sing" being the main verb is transformed to it's participle form.

ex: I had sung => yo habido cantado => Here both main and auxillary verb are in past participle form.

Haber => has/have : This is different than Tener which means "obligation to do something" or to have something. This form of have which is "haber" is used in Perfect form (or "past participle" V3 form in English) as an auxillary verb.  Below table shows the present tense table for haber, for sentences like "He has eaten", etc. Haber is an irregular verb, and it's stem is har for transformation purpose for all forms, except 2nd person plural (vosotros) form. Since har is an -ar verb, it follows the -ar table for few entires and -er table for remaining few. Past tense for haber is shown in later sections. Along with this auxillary verb, the main verb needs to have the V3 form which is explained in verbs section. To reiterate, regular participle form of the main verb changes -ar/-er/-ir to -ado/-edo/-ido (always ends in -do).

  • Present form (stem is har)
  •  base word = haber => har (has/have) singular plural
     I => First person

    he (using har as base but transforms as -er verb)

    ex: I have eaten rice => yo he comido arro (eat is comer,so V3 form should be comedo, but instead it's comido)

    hemos (use har as base, but as -er)

    ex: we have => hemos
    You (informal) => Second person

    has (using har as base)

    habéis (use regular haber as base)
    He, she, You (formal=> Third person

    ha (using har as base)

    ex: He has sung => el ha cantado

    han (using har as base)

 

  • ex: cantar (to sing) => sung => cantado (NOTE: gerund form was cantando, while here it's cantado)
  • ex: hacer (to do) => done => hecho (irregular verb)
  • ex: The museum has closed => el museo ha cerrado. OR The museum is closed => el museo está cerrado (está used since it's temporary state)

 

Participles come in all moods as present, past and future. We saw the present form for haber above. The other most used forms are past and future. However, the main verb remains same in all forms, it's the auxillary verb (has/have/had/will have) that changes forms to imply past/present or future.

  • Past form (stem is hub) => hube, hubiste,etc. However, past tense of have is had, which is already a past participle and gets conjugated as habido. So, no need of past form.
  • Future form (stem is habr) => habré, habrás, etc
    • ex: I will have written the letter => yo habré escrito la carta (instead of escribido, it's escrito)

 

 

Other Pronouns:

  • There is / There are => Both of these translate to same word "hay" (pronounced aa-e, or eye). This word is actually 3rd person form of haber in present tense, which is translated as "It has". 3rd person form is ha, but it's also hay. We can also make questions by writing ¿hay? which means "Is there? / Are there?"
    • ex: ¿hay café? => Is there (any) coffee?. Sí, hay café => yes, there is coffee
    • ex: ¿hay más café? => Is there (any) more coffee?.