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Published: Wednesday, 08 December 2021 02:42

Hits: 1050

New York

Nothing lures more than going to New York, the world's most busy city.

Passes:

Buy a pass if you are new to New york city and plan to spend a few days there. These are top passes for New York. All 3 Big players GoCity, Sightseeing Pass and CityPass, are selling passes for NewYork, which entails good competition. Prices are as of Dec, 2021.The link lists all of them: https://www.nycgo.com/things-to-do/tours-in-nyc/attraction-passes.

• Go City Pass: (aka New york city explorer pass): Link: https://gocity.com/new-york/en-us. Go City is the merchant here. 10 choice pass for child is $166, and for adult is $218. The pass is valid for 60 days from first use, and you can choose max of 10 attractions from 100's of attractions they have. Groupon sells them for 5% off ($156/child and $206/adult). They have a unlimited version also known as "All-Inclusive pass" which is sold on below website too as New York Pass.
• New York Pass: Link: https://newyorkpass.com/en-us. It lists that it's by Go City (the same company as above).  It's unlimited version of above pass. 10 day pass for child is $199, and for adult is $305. You can visit unlimited attractions from their catalog of attractions, but it's limited to 10 day of use starting from the day of first use. Groupon sells them for 5% off ($190/child and $290/adult). You can find this pass on GoCity website too shown above. It's called the "All-Inclusive Pass".
• New York sight seeing pass: Link: https://www.sightseeingpass.com/en/new-york. It has 2 options: a Day pass valid for 10 days (with unlimited sightseeing), and a Flex pass valid for 60 days (with specified number of attractions). 10 day pass is $199/child and $319/adult. Flex 12 attraction pass is $209/child and $264/adult.
• New York City pass: Link: https://www.citypass.com/new-york. City pass is the merchant here. This is the cheapest pass and offers only 6 attractions from a list of 9 attractions (3 attractions are fixed, while next 3 gives you a choice b/w the two). Price for pass is  $112/child and $136/adult. Attractions:
  
  • Empire State Building
  • American Museum of Natural History
  • The Metropolitan Museum of Art
  • Top of the Rock Observation Deck  OR  Guggenheim Museum
  • Ferry Access to Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island  OR  Circle Line Sightseeing Cruises
  • 9/11 Memorial & Museum  OR  Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum

Conclusion:

For a family of 4, it costs $500 (2 adults + 2 kids) for New york city pass (which allows 6 attractions). This is the lowest, but Gocity pass allows 4 more attractions for $750 for family of 4. For $250, it may be worth it, if you want to be more flexible. Other 2 unlimited attraction passes are more expensive and cost around $1000 for a family of 4. There's no way you can cover more than 2 attractions in a day, especially if you are new. However "10 day unlimited pass" is a good option as you can cover atleast 25 attractions in 10 days which would be about $10/attraction per person for a family of 4. Nothing can beat that price !!

Top attractions:

You can find a lot of attractions in New york, some free too. I'm going to list the paid ones next (along with regular adult prices for each), and free ones below that. Below are top attractions, along with prices.

Paid attractions:

• Tallest buildings: There's a race to the top. New York has an extra charm for visiting tallest buildings, and all tall buildings are in the race competing for your dollar.. avg price is $50 to get to the top of the building, and once you are on top, you don't find it worth $50. However once you do it for New York, you don't need to do it in any other city. Just do one of them. My choice would be "Edge at Hudson Yards".
  • Empire State building => $45. This is very overrated.
  • Edge at Hudson Yards => $40. This is my top choice. They have a glass bottom, which is cool to see. Also, they have glass sides, so you can literally see from top to bottom (it's scary too).
  • Top of the Rock Observation deck => $40. Nothing extraordinary here.
  • One world Observatory => $40. Same as everyone else.
• Museums:
  
  • Metropolitan Museum of Art => $25. Highly recommended. This is one museum you should do, even if you skip on all other museums.
  • American Museum of Natural History =>  $25
  • Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum => $33. OK as all 3 in one place. Cool to see the inside of submarine.
  • 9/11 Memorial and Museum => $28
  • Guggenheim Museum => Never saw this.
• Cruises => generally $40. All of the cruises are almost same. Just do one of them.
  
  • Circle Line NY city landmark cruises => $37
  • Liberty Super Express cruise => $37
  • Harbor Lights cruise
• Big Bus Hop on, Hop off => $60. This is very overrated. If you go in cold weather (Nov-May), weather is so cold, that you can't sit on the upper deck. If you sit inside, you can't see anything.
• Statue of Liberty and Ellis+Liberty Island Ferry => $25 for general admission. Generally both the Ferry and Liberty and Ellis island tour tickets are included. This is the most famous tourist attraction. Your trip to New York would be incomplete if you don't get a picture here :) Best to go early morning as the lines are long, and you spend 1/2 a day visiting this place.
• Madame Tussauds New York => $40. This is worth it as they have multiple floors and lots of Indian celebrities too.

Free Attractions:

• Downtown: Mahattan Downtown is a place to see so many things. Few free ones are:
  • 9/11 Memorial center
  • Wall Street (Big Bull):
• Times Square:
• Macy's:

NYC Transportation:

It's not unusually expensive to rent a car in NYC. However, parking that car is even more expensive than renting it. You may have to pay > $30/day for car parking, and that allows you to get in and out only once. If you plan to stay in suburbs as New Jersey or elsewhere, then renting a car may make sense. However, the amount of time you will spend driving to NYC is just too much. Also, you can't drive into NYC island for 3 reasons. First, it's very high traffic, secondly parking is very expensive and thirdly you have to pay huge toll everytime you drive your vehicle into NYC. I would advise to get a hotel in NYC island itself, even if it's expensive. Off season, you can find a lot of cheap hotels in NYC itself (for $100/night or less). That way you won't need to rent a car, as the system of subway (underground metro trains), buses and intercity trains will carry you from almost anywhere to anywhere in suburbs or city of NYC.

Single rides on Subway trrais is expensive, so get a 7 day or 30 day pass. 7 day pass costs $33/adult and is well worth the cost as single ride is $2.50/ride. So, just 2 rides a day will recover your cost. Also, children under 44 inches tall don't need to pay. I've seen even taller kids (54 inches or so) riding free.

Here's the link for Subeay fares: https://new.mta.info/fares

Free Attractions:

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Published: Saturday, 04 December 2021 05:14

Hits: 906

Global stocks:

There are millions of businesses around the world. Most of them are private, meaning it's owned by an individual like us, and the profit/loss is kept  by the individual owner of the business. Such business or companies are called "private". On the other hand, we have some business whose owners decide to take the company public, meaning they allow other people to become part owners of their company. The business owner issues shares of the company, and depending on what % of shares an individual has, that decides the ownership of the company for that person. Such companies are called "public" companies. The term "public" is misleading, since public companies usually implies government companies (i.e public service meaning services provided by government). But here "public" companies mean companies those are listed on stock exchanges.

Stock Exchanges:

There are stock exchanges where buying/selling of stocks happen. A company can list their stock on any exchange, meaning they allow buying/selling of their stocks on that trading exchange. A company can list their stocks on multiple exchanges also, so that there can be more trading. Usually big companies list their stocks in big stock exchanges, so that they can get better price or more visibility/liquidity in their stock. Also, it's considered a prestige symbol for a company to be listed in a big renowned stock exchange.

These are biggest stock exchanges of the world: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges

Stock Market index:

These exchanges also develop an index to track the performance of the companies trading on their exchange. There are lot of stock market index (not only the ones created by the exchanges, but also ones that are created by other companies or individuals). A stock market index is a index of a group of companies, weighted according to preference of that index creator.

For ex, if I wanted to make a index called "hot index", I can include maybe 5 hottest stocks as Tesla, Paypal, Netflix, Nvidia and Apple in the index. Now I assign may be 30% weightage to Apple, 20% each to Tesla and Nvidia and 15% each to Paypal and Netflix. If the price of each of these stocks is $100, then the resulting price of the index for 1 "unit" of index can be chosen to be anything, but that will contain stocks in that proportion. Let's say 1 "unit" of this index is chosen to be $100, then there will $30 worth of apple stock, $20 worth of Tesla, $20 worth of Nvidia, $15 worth of paypal and $15 worth of netflix.

Just because there is a index someone created, doesn't mean that index is traded. Someone will need to create a fund or a security which mimics that index. Then he will need to go to an exchange and ask them to list his "security" over there. Then he can start selling it to people on the stock exchange. If there is enough interest in that index, then people may start buying that security, which mimics that index. For providing this service, the person who is providing this fund, may charge an "expense ratio" which is a percentage of  fees that he/she charges every year from that "fund" itself. So, if a fund charges 1% expense ratio, that means $1 will be automatically deducted from that fund every year (assuming fund's avg market value is $100 for that year), w/o anyone doing anything. This expense ratio is separate from the "transaction fees" that you incur on selling/buying this fund. Transaction fees are levied by the brokerage firm who are providing you the service of buying/selling. Expense ratio is levied by the fund itself.

Usually indexes have weight assigned according to the market cap of the company (i.e a bigger company has a higher weight in index than a smaller company). This works well in practice, since larger companies are not only less volatile, but also more likely to survive in distressed scenarios. If we give every company a equal weight, then the index may become very volatile, and also it doesn't seem fair to give a very small company with $100M revenue the same weight age as a company with $100B in revenue. If the smaller company grows by 10X, then total revenue of 2 companies will only go up by 1%. It makes sense that index should go up by 1% or so, not by 50%, when the total sales of both the companies combined has gone up by only 1%. That's why most indices of world weigh individual companies in the index based on market cap.

Is there an Ideal Index?

What we are doing with all these index funds is trying to find a subset of stocks that will beat the market (i.e basket containing all stocks such as Wilshire 5000 is the market). It's a difficult problem to find an index that will always beat the market in future. People keep on looking at past data and come up with list of companies that have generated the best return, and form an index based on that. But there is no guarantee that such an index will also generate the best return in future. In fact, chances are higher that such an index will generate lower returns in future, since the stocks in such indices have already run their course, and are more likely to under perform the market. So, unless an index can time the market of dropping companies and adding companies at the precise time, they will always just perform at market in long runs. They may over perform the market for some period of time, but then they will underperform for a while, resulting in an avg performance, which is same as that of market.

One other thing that seems intuitive in making an ideal index is to just make an index of 50 largest companies in country, let's say USA. As we'll see later, these 50 largest companies comprise about half of total market cap of USA. So, it's diversified enough. Also, any small cap company that starts growing and become big enough to be in top 50, will be picked up by this index, and will start reaping the benefits of extra returns that these new companies provide. One risk here is that by limiting ourselves to top 50 companies, we miss out on big run up of small companies. Let's say a small company like Tesla which goes public at $1B valuation won't get included in this index until it gets to $100B valuation. So, we miss out on the 100X return that this stock provided (going from $1B to $100B). After Tesla gets included in index when it gets to $100B, we may not get 100X return on this stock anymore. So, a better approach might be to expand the number of companies allowed in our ideal index to have may be 100-200 companies. That way we'll pick up these small companies in our index when they get to may be $50B or more. Or may be we might want to have 400-500 companies so that we pick up these companies when they get to $10B valuation. That way, we'll be able to get most of the return of these small companies. This is precisely what S&P500 is. So, our ideal index started turning into S&P500 index, and we keep on expanding it further, it becomes W5000. If we make our index comprise too many small companies, then the risk is that we may lower our return since majority of these small companies will go bankrupt. But again, since their contribution is so small, it may not affect our index negatively in any big way, but may help our index in big positive way (especially if even 1 of these companies goes 100X in valuation). So, there's an ideal number where you can stop to maximize your index return (Look at historical data for last 20 years, and solve it as a Machine learning line fit problem). But truth be told, you can NEVER beat the market return in any statistically significant way over a long period of time by picking stocks !!

So, the answer, there's no Ideal Index for a long period of time :(

Market Cap by countries:

All the stocks trade on one of the above stock exchanges. There are about 50,000 public companies listed on one or multiple of these stock exchanges. This link shows how global market cap changed over the last 50 years. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_stock_market_capitalization

What is the global market cap of all companies in the world?

Global market cap was $1T in 1975 with only 15K companies. It went to $30T in 2000, and was $125T as of 2021 with about 50K companies. From 25% of world GDP in 1975 (GDP=$5T, Market cap=$1.2T) the total stock market cap went to over 135% of GDP in 2021 (GDP=$96T, Market cap=$125T). Below we'll see the market cap of companies from each country, as well as market cap of companies listed on the stock exchanges of these countries. From above link, we do see that the total market cap of all listed companies in just the top 20 countries is about $100T (as of 2020). So, pretty reasonable to guess that total market cap would be about $110T in 2020 (assuming 90% of market cap is captured by top 20 countries). For 2021, stock markets went up by further 15%-20%, so total market cap for all companies worldwide would be at least $125T at the end of 2021.

NOTE: There is lot of disparity online on what is the market cap of all companies worldwide. We can't figure out market cap, by just adding market cap of all listed securities on all the exchanges of the world, as many exchanges allow foreign companies to be listed too, which may result in double counting of these companies when adding up the global market cap. The wikipedia link above seems to be most authentic as it only shows domestic companies listed for each country. However, looking at wiki link above, the total market cap of all companies from top table is way over $100T, while bottom table lists total market cap as $96T for 2020. $96T is definitely incorrect, and should be somewhere around $110T (I haven't added it up yet).

Major Stock exchanges and their index:

Below are the largest stock exchanges for each country as per the market cap of all the companies trading on that stock exchange, as well as some of the popular index created by those exchanges. Market cap includes not only equities, but also bonds, commodities, foreign exchange, or any other things that are traded on that stock exchange (many times there are dedicated stock exchanges for trading commodities, futures, etc. i.e London Metal Exchange for trading options on metals). We will have to subtract out other market caps from below market cap to get "equity" only market cap, but that's hard to do. So, we'll just live with below market cap reported, assuming 70%-80% of that is due to "equity" market cap. USA has the largest equity market cap at $40T-$50T, with China and Europe coming in at $15T each.

USA: Total Market cap of domestic companies = $40T (as of Dec 2023)

Stocks listed on US exchanges have total market cap of $40T as of 2020, implying 40% of the world's market cap is due to US domestic companies. USA has 2 stock exchanges, NYSE and Nasdaq. These are also the 2 biggest stock exchange of world, where you can almost find any well capitalized stock to trade. It's considered a symbol of pride for a company to be listed on any of these 2 stock exchanges. There are about 5000 domestic public companies in USA (as of mid 2022). Most of them trade on one of these 2 US stock exchanges (but not both). US stock exchange also allow trading of many international stocks, which are public companies in some other countries (1500 such foreign companies are listed on these 2 stock exchanges). Likewise, US stocks trade on other stock exchanges of the world too.

• NYSE: NYSE or New York Stock Exchange is the oldest exchange (formed in 1792, but got it's NYSE name in 1817), and has stringent requirements for listing. It has about 2500 companies listed with market cap of $23T ( as of Jan, 2018). About 2000 of these are domestic companies, while remaining 500 are foreign companies from 45 different countries (as of mid 2022).
• NASDAQ: Nasdaq exchange on the other hand is a much newer exchange formed in 1971. It's an electronic exchange, and listing requirements are not as stringent as NYSE, so most small growing companies list on Nasdaq. It has about 4000 listings with total market cap of over $11T (as of Jan 2018). About 3000 of these are domestic companies, while remaining 1000 are foreign companies (as of mid 2022).
  • NOTE: Nasdaq inc is the company that owns Nasdaq exchange, that is itself listed on Nasdaq exchange. It's ticker symbol is NDAQ and it makes money from listing all these companies on it's stock exchange. It's essential to differentiate b/w Nasdaq Inc and Nasdaq exchange, they are not the same.

This is a chart from 2022 showing market cap/number of companies for both exchanges: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1277216/nyse-nasdaq-comparison-number-listed-companies/

As of Nov, 2021, NYSE had total market cap of $28T, while Nasdaq was $24T due to rapid rise in stock price of Tech companies.Tech stocks have since then cratered, but the total valuation of these companies is still mind boggling at $40T as of the end of 2022. To get US market cap, we have to subtract these foreign companies, which Wilshire 5000 index does (It lists only domestic companies,find link FIXME??)

Major indices in USA: (we'll look at these US indices in detail in other section)

• S&P500 (Standard and Poor's 500): This is the most widely used index which has top 500 companies from both NYSE and Nasdaq. It incorporates all sectors of market, and gives a weighted sum to the companies based on their market cap. The S&P 500 represents about 80% of the total value of US stock markets.
• DOW (Dow Jones Industrial Average): This has top 30 blue chip (mega cap) companies, and the index aims to be representative of America’s economy. As a result, industries tend to be represented proportionally. However, the biggest drawback is that it's constituents are weighted based on stock price and not based on market cap. This can really distort the real picture, as stock price has nothing to do with total market value of the company (i.e a company with lower stock price may have much higher market cap than another company with much higher stock price). So, even smaller companies may have big influence on the index.
• Nasdaq 100: This has 100 of the largest technology companies listed on the Nasdaq exchange. The weights of the constituents in the index is based on the companies market capitalizations, but it's largely tech stocks here. It's very volatile by nature, but has delivered the best return since it's inception.

China:

Stocks listed on Chinese exchanges have total market cap of $14T as of 2020, which makes them the second largest, though well behind USA. Reason on why the market cap of all companies listed on chinese exchanges is much lower than those of US exchanges, is primarily due to the fact that chinese exchanges mostly allow domestic companies to be listed on their exchange. They also have a concept of A-shares and B-shares. A-shares are securities issued by domestic companies of China, that trade in local currency yuan Renminbi aka RMB. B-shares are shares issued by Foreign companies that want to list on Chinese exchanges, and they trade in USD. A-shares are for domestic investor, while B-shares are for foreign investors. Any investor can buy both A and B shares, however, it's easier for domestic investors to buy A shares, while it's easier for foreigners to buy B shares. A-shares account for 2/3 of Chinese market cap, while B-shares account for remaining 1/3. So, 2/3 of $14T = $9T, which is close to the market cap of all domestic Chinese companies. Mainland China has 3 stock exchanges: Shanghai Stock exchange, Shenzhen stock exchange and Beijing Stock exchange.

• SSE: Shanghai stock exchange is the biggest stock exchange of china with market cap of $8T of all listed companies (3rd largest in the world behind NYSE and Nasdaq),
• SZSE: Shenzhen stock exchange is the seventh largest in the world with market cap of $6T (as of 2021 end).
• BSE: Beijing stock exchange is the newest exchange which was established in 2021. NEEQ exchange was reformed and transformed into BSE. Primary purpose was to serve small and medium sized enterpries (SME).

 Major indices in China:

• SSE Composite index: This is the most widely used index used to track performance of Chinese equities. It tracks all 2000 or companies listed on SSE. It's base day is Dec, 1990 and base value is 100. As can be seen, in first 10 years, the index went from 100 to 2000 implying a 20X growth in just 10 years. It reached an all time high of 6000 in 2007, but since then has remained below 4000.
  • More details here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSE_Composite_Index
• CSI 300 (Chinese Securities index 300): This replicates the performance of the top 300 stocks traded on SSE and SZSE. It has two sub-indexes: the CSI 100 and the CSI 200 Index. Over the years, it has been deemed the Chinese counterpart of the S&P500 index and a better gauge of the Chinese stock market than the more traditional SSE Composite index. It's base day is Dec, 2004 and base value is 1000. As can be seen, this index has mostly gone up and given better return than SSE Composite index. Reason are: first it's more diversified, and secondly it's base value is taken at a time, when the market was pretty low.
  
  • More details here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI_300_Index

Europe:

Total market cap of all companies in Europe is about €15T (in currency Euro which is at par with US dollar, i.e 1 USD = 1 Euro) as of Nov, 2021 (no credible source, just an estimation). While every European country has its own stock exchange, there are five major ones that have a combined market capital of over $1 trillion. Two of these are included in the top 10 global stock exchanges - Euronext and London Stock exchange.

• Euronext N.V: Euronext, also known as European New Exchange Technology (Euronext N.V.), was founded by the merger of European Union (EU) stock exchanges at the turn of the 21st century, following the introduction of the common currency known as Euro. Euronext had a total market cap of $7T as of 2021, and is the 4th largest stock exchange as measured by market cap.
• LSE: London Stock Exchange has 2 main markets on which companies trade - main market and alternative market. The main market is home to over 1,300 large companies from 60 countries. LSE has a total market cap of about ~$3.5T and is the 10th largest stock exchange.

Major indices in Europe:

• FTSE-100 (The Financial Times Stock Exchange 100 Index): Also called the “Footsie” or UK-100, it tracks the 100 largest companies listed on LSE, in terms of market capitalization. Top companies in the index are Royal Dutch Shell, Unilever, HSBC, BP, etc. It includes foreign companies too that are based outside of UK.
• DAX 30 (Deutscher Aktien Index): This index includes 30 of Germany's largest stocks listed on Frankfurt Stock Exchange (FSE). The DAX represents about 80 percent of the total market value of shares traded on German Stock Exchange. It's price weighted rather than market cap weighted. Major companies are BMW, Volkswagen, Lufthansa, Adidas, Siemens, Merck, etc.
• STOXX: STOXX is a swiss index provider formed in 1997. It came up with several indices starting in 1998 which became very popular. It's most popular indices are as follows:
  
  • EURO STOXX 50: This index is made up of fifty of the largest and most liquid stocks in EuroZone countries only (not All of Europe). The index was introduced in 1998. It was retroactively plotted back starting from year 1986, with base value of 1000 assigned to the index for Dec 31, 1991 closing. As of 2021, it's value is ~4000, implying 4X appreciation in 30 years ( => 5% return per year). The total market cap was about €3.6T as of April 2021. This index has 60% market cap of all of Eurozone stock market.
  • STOXX EUROPE 50: Since EURO STOXX 50 was limited to EuroZone countries only, STOXX EUROPE 50 index was designed to capture 50 largest stocks in all of European countries (which includes 18 countries). It's very similar to EURO STOXX 50 and performance is also similar.
  • STOXX EUROPE 600 (STOXX 600 or SXXP): This index contains 600 large, mid and small companies among 17 European countries, covering approximately 90% of the market capitalization of the European stock market (not limited to the EuroZone). The top countries that make up about 70% of the index are UK (composing around 22.3% of the index), France (composing around 16.6% of the index), Switzerland (composing around 14.9% of the index) and Germany (composing around 14.1% of the index). It's base value was taken as 100 as of Dec 1991. It reached an all time high of ~500 in Nov, 2021. The total market cap was about €12T as of April 2021. If we go with STOXX600 capturing 90% of the market, then total Europe Stock market cap would be around $13T, which closely matches with $15T of European Stock market cap.

Japan:

Japan has Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE) owned and operated by Japan Exchange group as of 2011. Japan Exchange group also owns 2 other stock exchanges in Japan, and is the only exchange of Japan. Japan Exchange group has market cap of ~$7T and is fifth largest stock exchange.

Major indices in Japan:

• Nikkei 225: This index is the most popular index outside of US indices. It measures the performance of 225 large, publicly owned companies in Japan from a wide array of industry sectors. It started to be calculated a long time back since 1950. I believe the base value was 100. It was retroactively calculated since 1914 when the value was 20. The index went from 20 in 1915 to 40 in 1945 (annual return of 2%-3%). After the end of world war 2, index went to 100 by 1950 and then to 1000 by 1960 (implying 20% yearly return). By 1975, it reached 4000, and by 1989 it reached 40,000 which was the peak. From then it crashed, and remained close to 10,000 until 2012. By 2021, it manged to get back to 30,000 level.
• Topix: Topix index tracks all 1700 domestic companies listed on TSE. It's market cap was ¥200T as of 2011 (100 yen = 1 USD, so market cap was ~$2T).

Hong Kong:

Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the 6th largest stock exchange, with a market cap of about $6T (as of 2021).

India:

2 largest stock exchange in India are Bombay stock exchange (BSE) and National Stock exchange (NSE). They have market cap of around $4T each as of 2021. BSE is the oldest exchange which was started in 1875, while NSE is the newer one started in 1992. About 4000 companies trade on the stock exchanges at BSE and NSE. A company can list it's shares on both NSE and BSE and you can buy/sell interchangeably. As of 2020, about 5K firms are listed on BSE and 2K on NSE. Apart from these there are 20 regional Exchanges connected via the Inter-Connected Stock Exchange (ICSE).

Major indices in India:

• Sensex: This comprises of 30 largest companies traded on BSE. It was created in 1986 by S&P. It comprises of about 45% of BSE market cap. In Dec 2023, Sensex market cap was about $1.7T, while BSE market cap was $4T.
• Nifty: It's known as Nifty 50 or CNX Nifty. It comprises of 50 largest companies traded on NSE. It was created in 1996. 

Canada:

Toronto:

Australia:

Korea:

Russia:

Brazil:

Latin America: Brazil and Mexico are the only 2 countries relevant here, as they have GDP > $1T and have large population over 100M. Brazil's stock exchange is B3, while Mexico's stock exchange is is

Major indices:

World:

There are couple of world indices that try to mimick

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Published: Wednesday, 24 November 2021 16:41

Hits: 1639

This section includes all things related to Sports and Outdoor activities. Few stores to consider for these kind of things:

1. Walmart: Walmart is the first place to look for such things. Many times you can find such stuff on clearance, which is usually cheaper than trying to buy during big sale events
2. Academy Sports: This is another place to look for your sports needs. They are exclusive Sports shop, so they are little more expensive than Walmart. However, they have good return ploicy (90 days, same as walmart). They price match competitors, so that may be worth something. You can get 20% off Academy Gift cards at local grocery store chain, multiple times a year. So, if you are looking for something to buy, use their discounted GC. They also give you a pop up of 10% off online orders ($20 max) when you browse their website. Or you can just signup for their promotions by providing your email addr and/or your phone number. They will send you a 10% coupon after 24 hrs, only after you make an account (used to be lot easier and simpler until 2024, not any more). Combine all of these with their BF sale, and you can score items for cheap.
3. Misc Department stores: Like JCP, Kohls , Macys also have bunch of outdoor stuff as backpack, etc that can be scored on cheap when on clearance.

Deals:

2025:

04/27/2025: Macys - High Sierra Backpack for $28:

https://slickdeals.net/f/18274129-high-sierra-swoop-sg-backpack-various-colors-27-99-free-shipping?src=frontpage

This is good priced backpack with lifetime warranty. Pink one (Swoop SG) is even cheaper at $22. Rated highly on SD. TCB has 12% cashback for today only (04/27/25), so that's extra $2 savings.

UPDATE May, 2025: The backpack does look cheap. I wouldn't pay more than $10 for it. The BestBuy backpacks that keep coming on clearance for $12 are lot better (see in

2022:

09/15/2022: Walmart - 21 speed Mountain Bike for $98:

https://slickdeals.net/f/16039282-decathlon-rockrider-st100-21-speed-mountain-bike-27-5-unisex-red-medium-98?src=frontpage

This is good priced adult mountain bike. You don't get adult mountain bikes for much less than $100. Slickdeals comments seem solid about this bike. This is the best deal on bike so far for 2022.

Kids bike too on sale for $87, though not that highly rated, and doesn't have a kick stand:

https://slickdeals.net/f/16039489-decathlon-rockrider-st100-kids-mountain-bike-24-4-5-to-4-11-unisex-black-87?src=frontpage

05/25/2022: Walmart - Electric Bike for $148:

https://slickdeals.net/f/15806317-20-kent-torpedo-electric-bicycle-multiple-colors-148-free-shipping

Bike is on sale for $150 compared to regular price of $500. Regular bikes go for $100 as of 2022, so electric assisted bike for extra $50 is not bad. Keeps on going in/out of stock, so check back regularly if you get OOS message. 30 day return policy at walmart.

2021:

12/04/2021: Walmart - Bikes for $100 (valid from 11/21/2021 to 11/27/2021)

This is decent priced adult cruiser bike. See in "Black Friday 2021" walmart section.

11/22/2021: Bikes for upto 50% off - Adult bike for $179 (valid from 11/21/2021 to 11/27/2021)

This is one of the lowest priced adult mountain bike. See in "Black Friday 2021" Sports Academy section.

2020:

11/22/2020: Bikes for upto 50% off - Adult bike for $125 (valid until 28th Nov, 2020)

https://slickdeals.net/e/14529047-academy-sports-outdoors-black-friday-ozone-500-elevate-bikes-for-the-family-for-124-99

The ozone 500 elevate mountain bike is on sale for $125, which is pretty good price, considering the shortage, since mountain bikes usually start at $100 or so.

Details

Published: Friday, 19 November 2021 01:22

Hits: 1939

Black Friday 2021

This is an exclusive list of all BF 2021 deals. Even though I say "Black Friday deals", it refers to all the deals that go live during the holiday season, which is mostly from start of November to December end. This year BF deals are even worse than last year deals, which was already a pretty lame BF.

Black Friday 2020 (last year) link is under shopping section here: Black Friday 2020

Anyway I'll list BF deals below. You still have extended return window for the holidays (mots retailers like Walmart, Target, BestBuy allow you to return items until Jan 2021), so it's relatively low risk. You can always return the item if you find it at a lower price later in Dec or Jan.

Best place to find all BF ads is from below links (too much advertisement makes it hard to navigate )

• Black Friday website with ad scans: https://blackfriday.com/
• Slickdeals BF ads: https://blackfriday.slickdeals.net

Deals:

 Some good deals summarized (more details in bottom part of page along with deals)

• Toys: Hot wheels cars for 50 cents each => at Dollar General. Happens every year.
  
• Bikes: Mountain Bike for $179 => at Academy Sports + Outdoor.  This sold for $125 on BF 2020. So, 40% price hike !! Many other kids bikes for < $100. Kids bikes used to sell for < $50 every BF at Walmart.
  
• TV: No TV sale this year. Last year 65 inch sold for $229, this year cheapest 65 inch is $300. Closest deal to last year is 70 inch TV for $398 and 75 inch TV for $550. Last year 70 inch was $300, and 75 inch was $500. So, nothing worth buying this year on BF.
  
• Laptop: No good deals for laptop. Laptops that sold for $250 last year, going for $400 this year. Might be prudent to buy laptops during clearance after Christmas. Still few deals at target, walmart and dell.com
• GiftCards: A lot of deals pop up every year during BF, where you get 20% discount on brand name GC as Apple, Home Depot, Lowes, Fast food chain, etc

Walgreens: Gift card deal: Free $10 Walgreens GC with purchase of 2 $25 Apple GC.

Look in gift card section for details of the offer: gift cards

Dollar General - Hot wheels cars for 50cents/each => valid 11/18/2021 - 11/20/2021

Look in "Shopping" section for details of the offer: Toys

Academy Sports: Bikes for upto 50% off - Adult bike for $149 (expires 12/12/2021) for $179 (valid from 11/21/2021 to 11/27/2021) 

https://weeklyads.weekly-ads.us/academy-sports-ads/flyer-269260-0

The BF ad is at above link. Adult Ozone 500 Elevate bike sold for $249 (regular price) in 2020, and was 50% off on BF. This year, they raised the price to $299 and reduced the discount to 40%, resulting in same bike costing $55 (40%) more than last year's BF (see deal belwo for 2020). Yikes to inflation of 40% !! However, you can get a 10% coupon (as explained in shopping section), as well as use discounted GC to bring your price down.

These Elevate bikes are complicated with separate front and back gear, and if the gears are not in sync, it locks up, or makes sound. Anything more than $100 for any regular bike is just outrageous.

UPDATE 12/09/2021: Adult Ozone Elevate bikes are on sale for $149 until 12th Dec, 2021 (all at 50% off). This is $30 lower than BF price. This is just $10 more than last year BF. Link below.

https://www.academy.com/shop/browse/search?searchTerm=bike%20elevate

 screenshot of ad:

Kohls:

https://www.theblackfriday.com/kohls-blackfriday.shtml

Kohls as always have some decent deals. There's $15 Kohls cash (KC) for every $50 spent. You also 5% in Kohls rewards. So you make about $35 in Kohls currency every $100 of puchase. There's 15% off coupon which applies to everything except branded electronics stuff or branded shoes. KC may be redeemed from 27th Nov to 8th Dec. Of course, during period of KC redemptions, there are no good deals. The only bright side is that you save money on sales tax, as KC works like a coupon, reducing the price of the item.

Few deals:

• Kids scooter for $15. Very well rated. Looks like it may work for kids 5-10 yrs of age. This is available at target for $20.
  
  • https://www.kohls.com/product/prd-3367113/kids-jetson-jupiter-folding-kick-scooter.jsp
• Multiple items for close to Free after mail in rebate (MIR). Every year Kohls have these. They used to be money maker in prior years, now they are barely free. Rebate link here: https://www.kohls.com/sale-event/rebates.jsp
  
  • Lots of Toastmaster small appliances, i.e: Toaster, Mini chopper, mini blender, mini waffle maker, coffee maker, etc. They cost $5 each after MIR. Some of these are good quality and last > 5 years, while some die within a year or two.
    • https://slickdeals.net/f/15440581-toastmaster-appliances-hand-mixer-mini-waffle-maker-toaster-15-kohls-cash-4-for-11-50-after-48-rebate-w-2-5-sd-cashback-free-curbside-pickup.
    • Rebate form here: https://www.kohls.com/rebates/11.21toastmaster12.pdf
  • Anchor Hocking glass storage set => $15 after $10 rebate.There is a similar pyrex deal for same price, but these are better (they can be used for baking too, and larger size too)
    
    • https://slickdeals.net/e/14588866-anchor-hocking-20-pc-food-storage-set-rebate-available-10-rebate-by-mail-15-49
    • Rebate form: https://www.kohls.com/rebates/11.21anchor10.pdf
  • Lots of Hamilton beach appliances. These will cost $20 for 3 + Kohls cash. However, they are more expensive than Toastmasters
    • https://slickdeals.net/f/15440527-hamilton-beach-small-appliances-various-15-in-kohls-cash-3-for-20-after-30-rebate-2-5-sd-cb-free-store-pickup
    • Rebate form: https://www.kohls.com/rebates/11.21hamilton10.pdf
  • Philips sonicare toothbrush. These used to very cheap after MIR and coupons (40% off mystery coupons) in all the past years. I've gotten them for < $10 a piece in past. However, from this year, no coupons are applicable on these, so not worth the price.
•  Misc clothing and bed/bath items on sale.

J.C.Penney:

https://blackfriday.com/ads/black-friday/jcpenney

JCP as always have some decent deals. There's $15 in JCP rewards for every $50 spent. for JCP reward members.

Few deals:

• Multiple items have mail in rebate (MIR). Nothing is free though.
  • Lots of small appliances, i.e: Toaster, Mini chopper, mini blender, mini waffle maker, coffee maker, etc. They are lot cheaper after MIR. Not sure about the quality.
  • Misc clothing and bed/bath items on sale.

Walmart:

• 11/22/21: Kids 20 inch bike for $58. These used to go for $39 every BF. Good bikes though for up to 7 years of age.
  • https://www.walmart.com/ip/Huffy-20-In-Rock-It-Boys-Bike-Royal-Blue-Gloss/665534685
• 11/22/21: Vacuum cleaner. Lots of Robo vacuum for $100 or so with good reviews. Not a fan of any of these, but hey they are hot fashion accessory for a house.
  • https://www.walmart.com/ip/Yeedi-K600-Robot-Vacuum-Cleaner-1800Pa-Robotic-Pet-Hair-Self-Charging/667662564 => $90
  • https://slickdeals.net/f/15434116-anker-eufy-robot-g30-at-144?src=rcm_brand => $144. Same one was $150 few days back: https://slickdeals.net/f/15350122-anker-eufy-robovac-g30-verge-robot-vacuum-with-home-mapping-2000pa-suction-wi-fi-boundary-strips-for-carpets-and-hard-floors-walmart-com-149
• 11/25/21: HP laptop for $370. Similar one sold at walmart (with i3 processor) for $250 in 2020 BF 
  • https://slickdeals.net/f/15445516-hp-15z-ef2000-laptop-15-6-fhd-ips-ryzen-5-5500u-8gb-ddr4-256gb-ssd-370-free-shipping
• 11/29/21: LED multicolor Christmas lights => $8 (store pickup only). $5 is the cheapest you can find LED lights anywhere. They have "extra" feature where remaining lights will be on even if It's only available in selected stores, so change your zip code to check for stores where it's available
  • https://slickdeals.net/f/15453952-26-100-ct-sylvania-staylit-platinum-led-christmas-lights-white-8-free-store-pickup
• 11/29/21: Camp chair => $10 for 2 pack, limit 1. It's shipping only, so comine other items to get to $35 minimum
  • https://slickdeals.net/f/15459238-ozark-trail-quad-folding-camp-chair-2-pack-with-mesh-cup-holder-walmart-com-9-98
• 12/01/21: Laptop: OK laptop for $250 (same price as last year, although last year it was a better brand HP)
  
  • https://slickdeals.net/f/15464728-gateway-15-6-laptop-i3-1115g4-1080p-ips-8gb-ram-256gb-ssd-win-10-refurbished-249-free-shipping-walmart?src=frontpage
• 12/04/21: Bikes: Bikes for $100. These had been selling for $170 since the pandemic, so nice to see prices back to normal. These are cruiser bikes, not mmountain bikes though.
  
  • https://slickdeals.net/f/15472234-kent-26-ladies-seachange-beach-cruiser-bicycle-blue-98-free-shipping-walmart

Target:

Target has still managed to have some decent deals.

• 65 inch Element TV for $300, 70 inch RCA TV for $430, 75 inch Element TV for $550
• Kids scooter for $20 (Jetson Jupiter with LED lights)
• Kids 16 inch bikes for $50. It's no name "Pacific brand".
• 12/04/21-12/05/21 => yearly deal for 10% off on $500 Target GC. Use discover credit card to get extra 5% in Casback b buying from target.com (NOT in store, only online)
  • https://www.doctorofcredit.com/targe-10-off-target-giftcards-500-limit-12-4-12-5/
• Lots of good laptops in stores and online for , $400. One was at $180 (chrome laptop), other at $250 (real laptop) with good specs

Amazon:

Amazon had lots of GC deals (max 15% discount) which was pretty lame. It had few lightning deals here and there too.

• 1 TB SSD drive for $80 => Haven't seen a SSD for < $80. It only has usb type C cable (no usb type A with 4 pins that older laptops usually have).
  • https://slickdeals.net/f/15464875-crucial-x6-usb-3-2-type-c-portable-ssd-500gb-45-1tb-80-2tb-142-50-4tb-354-34-lacie-rugged-mini-usb-3-0-portable-external-hdd-1tb-55-4tb-105-5tb-150-more-f-s?

Dell:

Every year, dell has pretty good deals on their laptops compared to all these brick and mortar stores.

• Dell G15 gaming laptop: $800 - 15%CB (from rakuten) - $100 sign up coupon (for signing up on dell.com to receive offers) - $120 (amex dell credit) (or use 5% CB from chase freedom card by activating dell offer on your card). Net price is close to $500.
  • https://slickdeals.net/f/15430942-dell-g15-15-6-fhd-120hz-i5-11400h-8gb-ddr4-rtx-3050-ti-512gb-pcie-ssd-win11h-783-99-f-s
  • Upgrade the memory to 16GB as 8GB is pretty low. It has 2 memory slots so 1x 8GB will work, or you can buy 2x8GB (in case you want to use same memory in both slots). It takes the DDR4-3200 SODIMM, which is widely available. Go to https://www.crucial.com/, use "Look up my computer." G15 5511, which is this product.